AP Gov – Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) Cases Practice Test

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• What did the Court say about minority-owned program preferences under state law in Adarand v. Pena?
• Windsor v. United States involved the Defense of Marriage Act. What conclusion did the Court reach?
• Which case introduced the 'clear and present danger' standard restricting wartime speech?
• Which case extended the 'one person, one vote' principle to the U.S. House of Representatives?
• Planned Parenthood v. Casey clarified that abortion regulations may be evaluated under which framework?
• Which case established that discrimination in public accommodations could be challenged under the 14th Amendment's Equal Protection Clause?
• Which landmark case established the principle of judicial review in the United States?
• In US v. Nixon, what did the Court say about Executive Privilege?
• What central concept about money and speech did Buckley establish?
• Which case extended the 'one person, one vote' principle to the U.S. House of Representatives?
• In 1925, which case began applying the Bill of Rights to the states via the Due Process Clause?
• Which Supreme Court case required police to inform suspects of their rights before custodial interrogation?
• Which case involved the prohibition of polygamy and limits of free exercise?
• Which case is a landmark example of Congress regulating local activity because of its substantial effect on interstate commerce?
• The Lemon v. Kurtzman decision established the Lemon Test. Which description best fits the three-pronged test?
• Which comparison explains the shift from Furman to Gregg regarding the death penalty?
• In Oregon v. Smith, what did the Supreme Court rule about free exercise of religion?
• Which case is associated with protecting political speech in campaign finance, leading to increased corporate influence in elections?
• Rostker v. Goldberg addressed whether whom could be required to register for the draft?
• D.C. v. Heller held that the Second Amendment protects an individual's right to bear arms for self-defense and that a district handgun ban is unconstitutional. Which description best captures this holding?
• Which case overturned Roe v. Wade, allowing states to regulate abortion?
• Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education described a desegregation remedy involving transporting students to different schools. This remedy is known as what?
• Which case held that corporate and union spending on elections is protected speech under the First Amendment?
• What did Furman v. Georgia hold about the death penalty as it was applied at the time?
• The Heart of Atlanta Motel decision primarily relied on which constitutional provision to regulate private discrimination in public accommodations?
• Which case upheld some campaign finance restrictions but struck down others, holding expenditures as a form of speech?
• Which case upheld the death penalty as acceptable under certain circumstances, clarifying procedures in Gregg v. Georgia?
• Grutter v. Bollinger also emphasizes that diversity is a compelling interest that can justify what type of consideration in admissions?
• Korematsu v. United States is controversial for upholding internment. Which principle did the Court emphasize?
• Which case upheld federal regulation of interstate commerce by counting the aggregate effect of individual activities, enabling broad regulatory reach?
• Which case upheld the publication of leaked documents, rejecting prior restraint?
• Which case established the Lemon Test for evaluating government involvement with religion?
• Planned Parenthood v. Casey replaced Roe’s framework with which standard to evaluate abortion restrictions?
• Which case contributed to the development of the selective incorporation doctrine by limiting some rights to be applied to the states over time?
• Which case established that the federal government may regulate interstate commerce under the Constitution?
• Which case established the standard of 'reasonable suspicion' justifying a stop and frisk?
• Chevron v. NRDC concerns which aspect of administrative law?
• Shaw v. Reno addressed racial gerrymandering and held that such schemes can be challenged in court under which principle?
• Which case addressed the incorporation of the Second Amendment to apply to the states?
• Mapp v. Ohio established the Exclusionary Rule, which prohibits the use of what kind of evidence?
• Fletcher v. Peck established that laws impairing contracts made in good faith by states are invalid due to which clause?
• Which constitutional protections did Obergefell v. Hodges rely on to require states to permit same-sex marriage?
• Gitlow v. New York is notable for beginning the incorporation process. What does incorporation mean in this context?
• Gregg v. Georgia refined the death penalty by allowing it under what conditions?
• In New Jersey v. TLO, which standard allows a school to search a student’s belongings without a full probable cause showing?
• Which case involved school-era religion in the public school setting?
• Citizens United v. FEC held that corporations have First Amendment rights to engage in political spending. Which of the following is the correct framing?
• Schenck v. United States introduced which of the following tests for evaluating speech restrictions?
• Buckley v. Valeo held that campaign finance restrictions on contributions to candidates are permissible, but restrictions on independent expenditures are not. Is this statement true?
• In 1833, which case held that the Bill of Rights does not apply to the states?
• In the Pentagon Papers case, the Court ruled that prior restraint on publication was unconstitutional because it would not create which danger?
• Brown v. Board of Education declared that separate-but-equal is inherently unequal and outlawed segregation in public schools. What did the Court hold?
• Which case established that a sitting president is not immune from civil litigation for acts pre-dating or unrelated to official duties?
• The NAACP v. Alabama decision protected which First Amendment right, deciding that membership disclosures could not be compelled absent an overriding interest?
• Which case clarified procedures for a death penalty to avoid cruel and unusual punishment?
• In Grutter v. Bollinger, why did the Court hold that race could be used as a factor in University of Michigan admissions?
• Which case declared that segregation in public schools violated the Equal Protection Clause and overturned "separate but equal"?
• US v. Lopez ruled that Congress cannot use the Commerce Clause to regulate which type of activity?
• NAACP v. Alabama stated that freedom of association is protected unless there is what kind of state interest?
• Wesberry v. Sanders established that congressional districts must have what property?
• Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education addressed desegregation remedies after Brown. What remedy did the Court approve?
• Which case held that corporate funding of independent political expenditures is protected speech under the First Amendment?
• Which case affirmed the federal government's authority to create a national bank and upheld federal supremacy over state taxes?
• Reading Bible verses in public school was ruled to violate which constitutional provision in Abington School District v. Schempp?
• Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier concerned school-sponsored publications. What did the Court hold?
• Scott v. Sanford involved Dred Scott seeking freedom. What did the Court decide about his ability to sue?
• Which case balanced religious freedom with state interests in education by allowing Amish exemptions from compulsory schooling beyond 8th grade?
• Which case held that desecration of the U.S. flag as protest is protected as symbolic speech?
• Chevron v. NRDC established a doctrine that public agencies receive deference when Congress has left a statute __?
• Which case struck down school-sponsored Bible readings and devotional exercises in public schools as violating the Establishment Clause?
• Which case addressed student rights and the school's role in regulating expression, emphasizing that students retain rights?
• Near v. Minnesota is best understood as strengthening which constitutional protection?
• Which case holds that the Constitution protects the right to refuse to violate one’s religious beliefs in the context of criminal law?
• Which case reaffirmed restrictions on campaign finance before Citizens United?
• Which case established the 'one person, one vote' principle for state legislative districts?
• Which case addressed the broad interpretation of the Commerce Clause enabling federal regulation of activities with substantial effects on interstate commerce?
• Roth v. United States held that which category of material is not protected by the First Amendment?
• Which case is most closely linked to recognizing a privacy-based right that informs abortion rights?
• Which constitutional clause is central to the voting and representation questions raised in Wesberry and Shaw?
• Marbury v. Madison established which principle?
• Which case legalized same-sex marriage nationwide?
• Which statement about the Good-Faith Exception was addressed again to highlight its effect on admissibility of evidence?
• Palko v. Connecticut established that the Fifth Amendment applies to the states how?
• Barron v. Baltimore held that the Bill of Rights applies to actions by which level of government?
• Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization is noted for overturning Roe v. Wade. Which case did it directly challenge?
• Gideon v. Wainwright guaranteed the right to counsel for defendants who cannot afford one, leading to the creation of what system?
• Which case reaffirmed the constitutionality of death penalty procedures under revised state laws?
• Which case stated that the Bill of Rights does not apply to the states, setting Barron v. Baltimore as a limitation?
• Which case addressed press freedom by limiting government censorship prior to publication, often cited in debates over prior restraint?
• Which case established the 'imminent lawless action' test for restricting speech?
• Public school graduation ceremonies with a prayer were addressed in Lee v. Weisman. What did the Court decide?
• Which case required desegregation to proceed with "all deliberate speed"?
• Which case established the 'reasonable suspicion' standard for police stops and frisks?
• In the Lemon v. Kurtzman context, what happened when the state funded secular teachers in a religious school?
• Which case established abortion rights based on a woman's right to privacy and a trimester framework?
• Which case held that state-sponsored school prayer violates the Establishment Clause?
• Which case established the Lemon test to assess Establishment Clause concerns?
• Gideon v. Wainwright established the right to counsel for indigent defendants, resulting in the creation of which system?
• Which case established the "aggregate effects" doctrine allowing broad federal regulation of interstate commerce?
• McDonald v. Chicago held that the Second Amendment is incorporated to apply to state and local governments. Which statement best reflects this decision?
• Plessy v. Ferguson addressed segregation in public facilities. Which doctrine did the Court establish?
• Which case is associated with the creation of the obscenity standard used to evaluate materials in mail and other media?
• Which case is often cited as laying groundwork for the constitutional right to privacy in personal relationships?
• Which case involved desegregation and is often cited for examining how courts oversee educational integration?
• Which case held that public school students do not shed their constitutional rights at the schoolhouse gate, as long as there's no disruption?
• Which case set the stage for modern interpretations of the Commerce Clause limits by ruling that certain activities cannot be regulated under federal power?
• Which case is often cited as establishing the concept of liberty under substantive due process in early Supreme Court doctrine?
• Heart of Atlanta Motel v. US held that segregation in public accommodations could be barred under which constitutional mechanism?
• Which case held that the president does not have unlimited executive privilege and must comply with judicial processes in criminal investigations?
• Which case replaced Roe's framework with the 'undue burden' standard for abortion regulations?
• Which case introduced the 'Lemon test' for evaluating Establishment Clause concerns?
• Reed v. Reed assessed gender discrimination by holding that such classifications must be what?
• California v. Acevedo held that containers inside a car may be searched without a warrant if there is what?
• Which case held that parts of the Violence Against Women Act exceeded Congress's authority under the Commerce Clause?
• Which case protected symbolic speech, including flag burning, under the First Amendment?
• In Jacobson v. Massachusetts, which power justified upholding the vaccination requirement?
• Which case is commonly cited for selective incorporation and the early steps in applying the Bill of Rights to the states?
• Which case resolved that school districts must desegregate with 'all deliberate speed'?
• West Virginia v. Barnette held that students cannot be forced to say the Pledge of Allegiance if it conflicts with their beliefs. Which principle does this illustrate?
• Which case reaffirmed desegregation with no fixed timetable, requiring "all deliberate speed"?
• Which constitutional clause was central in striking down school-sponsored Bible readings in public schools?
• Which constitutional clause is central to rulings in Engel, Abington, and Lee regarding religion in public life?
• Obergefell v. Hodges resolved the status of same‑sex marriage nationwide. What did the Court hold?
• Which case struck down the federal Defense of Marriage Act's recognition of same-sex marriages for federal purposes?
• Regents of the University of California v. Bakke concerned affirmative action in admissions. What did the Court rule about quotas and race?
• Loving v. Virginia struck down laws banning interracial marriage on the grounds of which constitutional protections?
• Which case resolved that school districts must desegregate with 'all deliberate speed'?
• Which case held that a sitting president is not immune from civil litigation for acts pre-dating or unrelated to official duties?
• In McCulloch v. Maryland, the Court held that Maryland could not tax the Bank of the United States because Congress has implied powers to create a national bank under which clause?
• The first time the Supreme Court overturned a state law occurred in which case?
• Texas v. Johnson addressed flag desecration. What was the Court's position?
• Which case overturned the "separate but equal" doctrine in public education?
• Which case extended Fourth Amendment protection to include telephone conversations and other forms of electronic communications by applying Katz v. United States?
• In Jacobson v. Massachusetts, why did the Court uphold a state vaccination requirement?
• Dale v. Boy Scouts of America held that private groups may exclude members if it would violate which concept?
• What justification did the Court use to permit race as a factor in Grutter's admissions?
• Which case established that the president does not have unlimited executive privilege and must comply with judicial processes in criminal investigations?
• According to the material, what did the Court rule about federal involvement in elections after the Voting Rights Act?
• Loving v. Virginia addressed the legality of bans on interracial marriage as violating which constitutional concept?
• In Lawrence v. Texas, the Court's ruling relied on which constitutional protection?
• Boy Scouts of America v. Dale held that private organizations may exclude members when such exclusion would violate what?
• Which case banned devotional Bible readings in public schools?
• What did the Court decide about mandatory non-denominational prayer in public schools in Engel v. Vitale?
• What principle did Baker v. Carr establish regarding apportionment?
• Miller v. California established an obscenity standard. Which element is part of that test?
• Which case used the Commerce Clause to uphold the Civil Rights Act's prohibition of private racial discrimination in public accommodations?
• Griswold v. Connecticut established a constitutional right to privacy in which context?
• Which case held that adults have a constitutional right to engage in consensual sexual activity in the privacy of their home?
• Under Reynolds v. US, are religious beliefs protected absolutely from government regulation?
• Which case guaranteed the right to counsel for defendants who cannot afford an attorney?
• Which clause states that federal law is supreme over conflicting state laws?
• Lawrence v. Texas held that states cannot ban homosexuality. Which constitutional principle best explains this ruling?
• Miranda v. Arizona requires police to do what before custodial interrogation?
• Which case established that the federal government may regulate interstate commerce under the Constitution?
• Which case is foundational for prohibiting government prior restraint on publication?
• Which case established that the federal government can regulate purely local activities only if they have a substantial effect on interstate commerce?
• Which case established the concept of liberty under substantive due process?
• Which case held that the press cannot be censored in advance except in exceptional circumstances?
• Which case began applying the Bill of Rights to the states through the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment, establishing selective incorporation?
• Which case addresses the balance between national security and free press through prior restraint in the Pentagon Papers era?
• Which case is associated with the Footnote Four about heightened scrutiny and the political processes?
• Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization addressed abortion restrictions. What was the ruling?
• Which case upheld state regulation of private property for the public welfare in the late 19th century?
• Which case directly reinstated the death penalty under a new framework following Furman’s ruling?
• Comparing Bakke and Gratz, how did the cases differ in their treatment of race in admissions?
• Which principle did the Supreme Court establish in US v. Leon regarding evidence obtained under a defective warrant?
• Which case is associated with establishing redistricting principles to reflect equal populations and protect voting equality?
• In which case did the Court adopt the 'undue burden' standard for evaluating abortion restrictions?
• The phrase "Midnight Judges" is associated with which case?
• Which case held that possession of a gun in a school zone is not an economic activity with a substantial effect on commerce?
• Which case is associated with the "Footnote Four" in its consideration of when to apply heightened scrutiny to constitutional rights and political processes?
• Which case solidified the concept that the First Amendment protects corporate political spending, shaping modern campaign finance law?
• New York Times v. Sullivan established that to win a libel suit against public officials, the plaintiff must prove which standard?
• Tinker v. Des Moines involved students wearing armbands in protest. What did the Court decide?
• Which case interpreted the Commerce Clause to give Congress broad power to regulate interstate commerce, including navigation?
• In Adarand Constructors v. Pena, what standard applies to racial classifications by the government?
• Roe v. Wade recognized a right to abortion rooted in which constitutional principle, and in which part of pregnancy did it protect abortion?
• Which case upheld the constitutional legitimacy of the death penalty but required careful application to avoid undue cruelty?
• Which case limited Congress's Commerce Clause power by ruling that possession of a gun in a school zone is not an economic activity with substantial effect on commerce?
• Gratz v. Bollinger involved automatic points for race in University of Michigan admissions. The Court held this practice was unconstitutional. Which statement best describes the ruling?
• Which case established the constitutional right to privacy in marital relations and contraception?
• Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard held that race cannot be used as an admissions factor, except for which aspect?
• The principle of "one person, one vote" applies to which level after Wesberry v. Sanders?
• Which case banned devotional Bible readings in public schools?
• Gibbons v. Ogden established that the federal government has broad power to regulate which of the following?
• Korematsu v. United States addressed internment of Japanese Americans during World War II. The Court ruled that national security can override individual liberties. Which principle did the Court emphasize?
• Schenck v. United States involved the distribution of anti-war pamphlets. What did the Court decide about such speech during wartime?
• Which case reaffirmed federal authority to prohibit discrimination in public accommodations by linkage to interstate commerce?
• Which case established the exclusionary rule prohibiting the use of illegally obtained evidence in state courts?
• Which case temporarily interrupted the death penalty by ruling that its current application was unconstitutional?
• Reynolds v. US dealt with polygamy. What principle did the Court affirm?
• Everson v. Board of Education considered public funding for transportation to religious schools. What was the Court’s ruling?
• The Palko decision introduced which constitutional concept?
• Which case held that prior restraint on publication is generally unconstitutional?